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  4. Bismuth vs Steel vs Tungsten: Choosing the Right Load for Waterfowl Hunting
Nov 20, 2025

Bismuth vs Steel vs Tungsten: Choosing the Right Load for Waterfowl Hunting

Andy Kloss
Table of Contents
  • Why Shot Material Matters for Waterfowl
  • Quick Comparison – Steel, Bismuth, Tungsten at a Glance
  • Steel Shot – Affordable, Accessible, and Proven
  • Bismuth – The Middle Ground for Hunters Who Want More
  • Tungsten Shot – Maximum Performance
  • Density & Energy Retention – What the Numbers Say
  • Best Shot Size by Material & Species
  • Cost vs Performance
  • Final Thoughts – Which Shot Material Is Right for You

Why Shot Material Matters for Waterfowl 

Since the ban of lead waterfowl loads in the late 1900s, waterfowling changed significantly for the hunter and waterfowl ammo manufacturers. These bans pigeonholed the industry into innovating waterfowl shot with non-toxic metals. This meant there would be less lead in our watersheds, and migratory birds' health and longevity would improve. This ensures that those who come after us can experience the thrill of knocking a beefy greenhead out of the sky – just like we do. 

Today, waterfowl hunters can choose between steel, bismuth, tungsten, or similar blends. Shot material plays a role in how far your load carries energy, how it patterns, and ultimately how clean your harvest will be. However, this article isn’t about the “best” shell - it’s about learning how to match the shell to your shotgun, hunting conditions, and skill level. 

Whether you’re waiting for the shot call close in the timber or getting that big flock of late-season honkers to commit, understanding how shot material performs helps you make the right choice before it's time to take’em. Ultimately, knowing the right shot size makes you a better hunter.  

Man loading Nitro shotshell into shotgun

Quick Comparison – Steel, Bismuth, Tungsten at a Glance 

Steel Shot – Affordable, Accessible, and Proven  

When hunters talk waterfowl, they talk steel. Steel is the workhorse of waterfowling. Steel is by far the most widely used non-toxic shot. Why? It gets the job done without breaking the bank. 

The great thing with steel: there's a load for every time of year and waterfowl pursuit, without damaging your wallet beyond repair. At a density of 7.8 g/cc, steel will lose velocity and energy quicker than denser metals, but if you’re only taking shots out to 40 and have patterned your gun, you’re golden. 

Hunters loading up modern shotguns will find steel perfectly safe, but older barrels can take a beating from its hardness. Always check your gun and choke tube ratings before chambering steel.

Nitro-Steel Duplex in field with decoys

Remington Steel Options: 

Duck Club Steel - built for the hardcore duck hunter who buys their ammo by the case. 

Nitro Steel - proven reliability, power, speed, and trusted by generations of waterfowlers. 

Nitro Steel Duplex - loaded with two shot sizes, keeping you covered for all distances. 

Hypersonic Steel – blazing’ velocities and tremendous energies on impact.  

Pro Tip: The best steel shot size for ducks is usually #2 or #3. If you’re running a 12-gauge steel shot load, you’ll find consistent knockdown abilities in close and mid-range work.  

Remington box of Duck Club Steel

Bismuth – The Solid Middle Ground for Hunters Who Want a bit More  

If you don’t love steel but don’t want tungsten, consider bismuth. With a density of 9.6 g/cc, bismuth delivers is roughly 23% denser than steel, giving it more energy retention downrange. 

This retained energy helps patterns stay together and boosts penetration at distance - all while remaining soft enough for vintage and fixed-choke shotguns. That’s a big deal for hunters running heirloom doubles or older autoloaders that can’t handle steel. 

Remington Bismuth Option: 

Premier Bismuth – engineered for consistency, loaded with premier wads for even patterning, and lethal energy on ducks and geese. Great if you are taking slightly further shots. Perhaps you’re on open water. 

Man standing next to tree with duck call

Tungsten Shot – Maximum Performance  

If you want the absolute best, tungsten waterfowl loads are where it’s at. Most commonly, tungsten waterfowl loads are blends, meaning the shot material is a mix of tungsten and steel. The use of tungsten delivers unmatched retained energy over distance, denser patterns, and cleaner kills far beyond the range of other materials. 

Tungsten loads allow shooters to run smaller shot sizes while maintaining lethal energy. A smaller pellet means denser patterns and a greater chance of making an impact on the game. That equals more harvests. 

Tungsten also excels when hunting late-season birds that are plumed up in thick feathers and tough down. Don’t be fooled, down is like a suit of armor for birds.  It’s also perfect for longer range shots when birds flare or circle wide. 

Remington Tungsten Option: 

Wingmaster HD – tungsten-based performance with proven Remington reliability 

Pro Tip: Tungsten lets you shoot sub-gauge guns like a 20- or 16-gauge without sacrificing energy. It’s dense enough to make small bores hit hard. 

Box of Remington Wingmaster HD Tungsten Blend Shotshells

Common Questions 

Is bismuth the same as tungsten? No. Even though they are both heavy metals, bismuth is softer and lighter; tungsten is denser and harder.  

Is bismuth worth it for duck hunting? Yes. It’s a proven upgrade from steel without the tungsten price tag. 

What is the density of bismuth vs lead vs tungsten vs steel? See chart below. 

Density & Energy Retention – What the Numbers Say 

The name of the game is density. Think about this: even though a #2 pellet is the same size for a steel and tungsten load, the denser tungsten pellet has more energy, resulting in better momentum and more retained energy. For hunters, this means patterns can hold together better at ranges, which can improve lethality at distances. 

Table with material, density, and density compared to steel

Best Shot Size by Material & Species 

Shot size depends on your hunting environment, how your gun patterns, and the type of game you’re pursuing. Use this chart as a quick reference.   

chart of load type, ducks and geese

Cost vs Performance 

Performance follows price, but only to a point. 

Steel is unbeatable for the value. It's perfect at traditional hunting ranges, whether you’re in the timber or marsh. Bismuth costs a little more but can extend your effective range due to its higher density. It is also better suited for older vintage guns. Tungsten is expensive but remains unmatched for long-range shots. 

If you’re taking routine 25- to 40-yard shots, steel will serve you well. If you’re chasing wary late-season birds that may land a bit further, or hunt open water, heavier metals earn their keep. 

Box of Nitro-Steel Duplex in a field with man holding duck

Final Thoughts – Which Shot Material Is Right for You? 

Every load is built with Remington’s signature reliability, consistent patterning, and time-tested performance that waterfowlers have trusted for generations. Want more help choosing your load? Check out our guide: 

How to Pick Duck Hunting Ammo 

Here’s the bottom line: 

Steel - delivers the best value for high-volume shooters and close-range work. 

Bismuth - offers the ideal balance between price and performance. 

Tungsten - the high-dollar load for long shots, late-season birds, and when performance matters more than cost. 

No matter what you choose, you should always pattern your shotgun and hunt ethically. Just because you think you might be able to hit that bird doesn’t mean you should try. Don’t be a sky blaster.  Remington has a waterfowl load for every hunter, every gauge, and every blind. When the birds cup and commit, the only thing that should be on your mind is squeezing the trigger - not second-guessing your shell. 

Man leaning against tree with duck call

Featured Products

Duck Club Steel

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Wingmaster HD Tungsten Shotgun Shells for Waterfowl

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Bismuth Shotgun Shells

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Nitro-Steel Duplex Loads

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